Book index

File:Bars-icon.svg

Home

Scientific community

Book index

Our network

Frisardi Masticationpedia Network

Fontana Masticationpedia Network

Donate

Contact

Change language

German

Spanish

French

Italian

[[|English]]

Masticationpedia Journal

‘The progress of Science is essentially an anarchic process’
Paul Karl Feyerabend

Member Communication Hub

Normal Science

(Public Open Access This section is open to all users and represents the most inclusive part of the project, offering information and resources accessible to everyone.)

---

Introduction

• Logic of medical language
  • The logic of classical language
  • The logic of the probabilistic language
  • Fuzzy language logic
  • System logic
• The Complex Systems
• Logic of medical language: Introduction to quantum-like probability in the masticatory system
• Conclusions on the status quo in the logic of medical language regarding the masticatory system

Hemimasticatory spasm

• 1° Clinical case: Emimasticatory spasm
  • Encrypted code: Ephaptic transmission

Bruxism

• 2° Clinical case: Pineal Cavernoma
  • Encrypted code: Hyperexcitability of the trigeminal system

Occlusion and Posture

• 3° Clinical case: Meningioma
  • Encrypted code: Bilateral Motor Evoked Potentials of trigeminal root

Orofacial Pain

• 4° Clinical case: Temporomandibular disorders
• 5° Clinical case: Spontaneous Electromyographic Activity

Are we sure to know everything?

• 6° Clinical case: Facial onset sensory and motor neuronopathy
• 7° Clinical case: Brainstem neoplasm in Orofacial pain

Conclusion of the ‘Normal Science’ section

Crisis of Paradigm

(Members only access This section is reserved exclusively for users who have received a personal invitation to register on Masticationpedia. This invitation is sent only to carefully selected colleagues, chosen for their professional value, scientific interest, and distinctive qualities. If you find the topics interesting and have not received an invitation, you can request one by submitting a request through the 'Member Account request form'. (a Google Account is needed to request the Member Account). Member Account request)

---

Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC)

• Jaw movements analysis: Electrognathographic Replicator
  • Transverse Hinge Axis
  • Vertical Hinge Axis
  • The Magic of the Condylar Sphere

• Jaw movements analysis:Pantographic Replicator
  • Intercondylar Distance
  • Advantage and Limit of Pantography

• Jaw movements analysis:Axiographic Replicator
  • Interfacial Distance
  • Advantage and Limit of Axiography

• Electromyography (EMG)
  • EMG  Interferential pattern
  • EMG at rest position
  • Quantitative Analysis of EMG
  • Fourier transform
  • Wavelett

• Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation
  • Intraocclusal free way space
    • The mysterious "Muscle tone"
  • Closing trajectory from TENS

Beyond the RDC

• Clinical Electromyography
• Artificial Neural Networks: Automatic Neuromuscular Diagnostic
• Trigeminal Neurophysiopathology
• Trigeminal Nociceptive Evaluation in TMD Patients by studying CO2-Laser Evoked Potentials and Masseter Laser Silent Periods
• Electrical and Magnetic Stimulation of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System:Modeling of Generated Fields and Data Interpretation
• Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Brain Plasticity in Post-Stroke Recovery
• Pain Pathophysiology
• Role of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Pain
• Neuronal Basis of Neuropathic Pain and Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Antiepileptic Drugs
• Use of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Pain Research
• Neuroradiology in Craniofacial Pain

Conclusions to the Paradigm crisis section

Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC)

• Jaw movements analysis: Electrognathographic Replicator
  • Transverse Hinge Axis
  • Vertical Hinge Axis
  • The Magic of the Condylar Sphere

• Jaw movements analysis:Pantographic Replicator
  • Intercondylar Distance
  • Advantage and Limit of Pantography

• Jaw movements analysis:Axiographic Replicator
  • Interfacial Distance
  • Advantage and Limit of Axiography

• Electromyography (EMG)
  • EMG  Interferential pattern
  • EMG at rest position
  • Quantitative Analysis of EMG
  • Fourier transform
  • Wavelett

• Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation
  • Intraocclusal free way space
    • The mysterious "Muscle tone"
  • Closing trajectory from TENS

Beyond the RDC

• Clinic Electromyography
• Artificial Neural Networks: Automatic Neuromuscular Diagnostic
• Trigeminal Neurophysiopathology
• Trigeminal Nociceptive Evaluation in TMD Patients by studying CO2-Laser Evoked Potentials and Masseter Laser Silent Periods
• Electrical and Magnetic Stimulation of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System:Modeling of Generated Fields and Data Interpretation
• Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Brain Plasticity in Post-Stroke Recovery
• Pain Pathophysiology
• Role of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Pain
• Neuronal Basis of Neuropathic Pain and Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Antiepileptic Drugs
• Use of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in Pain Research
• Neuroradiology in Craniofacial Pain

Conclusions to the Paradigm crisis section

Extraordinary science

(in Progress)

---

Module 1 – Introduction to the New Paradigm 🔴

 ●

   ×

   🔮 Foundation of the new diagnostic paradigm

   🔹 Diagnosis in the masticatory system has historically been based on macroscopic observation.

   🧠 However, clinical cases show that macroscopic reality can be completely disconnected from the deep neurophysiological state of the trigeminal system.

   🔀 A “malocclusion” may correspond to a neurologically symmetrical system;

   ⚠️ a surgically obtained “normocclusion” may hide severe functional impairment.

   🐱‍👤 Schrödinger’s paradox becomes a structural analogy: the patient can be simultaneously “healthy” and “sick” until a neurophysiological measurement is performed.

   🧪 Measurement — dependent on observer, instrument, and context — modifies what is observed.

   📉 The ambiguous logic of medical language and the limits of classical probability (P-value/Bayes) prevent an adequate description of complex phenomena.

   🔥 For this reason, normal science enters a crisis: classical models no longer explain the observed anomalies.

   🔧 The new paradigm requires a non-classical diagnostic model:

   • integration of multiple states

   • epistemic uncertainty

   • emerging dynamics

   👉 For a deeper discussion see: Schrödinger’s paradox in clinical diagnosis.

   This prepares the ground for the construction of the Index Ψ.

---

   🇮🇹 Sintesi in italiano

   • La diagnosi nel sistema masticatorio è stata storicamente basata sull’osservazione macroscopica.

   • I casi clinici mostrano che la realtà macroscopica può essere scollegata dallo stato neurofisiologico profondo del trigeminale.

   • Una “malocclusione” può corrispondere a un sistema neurologicamente simmetrico, mentre una “normocclusione” chirurgica può nascondere un danno funzionale severo.

   • Il paradosso di Schrödinger diventa un’analogia strutturale: il paziente può essere simultaneamente “sano” e “malato” finché non si effettua una misurazione neurofisiologica.

   • La misurazione, dipendente da osservatore/strumento/contesto, modifica ciò che osserviamo e manda in crisi la normal science.

   • Serve un modello diagnostico non-classico, capace di integrare stati multipli, incertezza epistemica e dinamiche emergenti: la base concettuale dell’Indice Ψ.

Authors: Gianni Frisardi

• Why a paradigm shift in masticatory science
• From “occlusion only” to neuro–gnathological systems
• Normal Science – Crisis – Extraordinary Science in the masticatory field
• Positioning of Masticationpedia within this paradigm

Module 2 – Quantum-like Framework for Biological and Clinical Systems
Authors: Andrei Khrennikov

• Classical vs quantum(-like) probability in medicine
• Open quantum systems and biological functions
• Quantum instruments and self-measurement in biosystems
• From cognitive models to trigeminal diagnostics

Module 3 – Trigeminal Electrophysiology and Reflex Circuits
Authors: Kemal S. Türker

• Masseter reflexes and silent periods
• Cutaneous and nociceptive stimulation of trigeminal system
• Single motor unit vs surface EMG analysis
• Reliability and clinical meaning of trigeminal reflex measures

Module 4 – Structural Connectivity (SC) of the Trigeminal System
Authors: Gianni Frisardi, Kemal S. Türker

• Definition of Structural Connectivity in the masticatory system
• Trigeminal Root Motor Evoked Potentials (R-MEPs)
• Protocols, latency, amplitude and symmetry indices
• SC markers for complex rehabilitative planning

Module 5 – Functional Connectivity (FC) of the Trigeminal System
Authors: Kemal S. Türker, Gianni Frisardi;

• Definition of Functional Connectivity in the masticatory system
• Jaw jerk
• Masseter tendon silent period
• Masseter electrical silent period
• Recovery cycle of the masseter inhibitory reflex
• H-wave and related polysynaptic responses
• FC markers in health and pathology

Module 6 – From SC/FC to Emergent Behaviour in Mastication
Authors: Gianni Frisardi (lead); Kemal S. Türker; Ali Esquembre

• Separation and interaction between SC and FC
• Emergent patterns in complex masticatory tasks
• Network perspective on neuro-gnathological dysfunctions
• Conceptual bridge toward a synthetic index of system state

Module 7 – Index $\mathrm{\Psi }$: Quantum-like Diagnostic Model
Authors: Gianni Frisardi (lead); Andrei Khrennikov; Kemal S. Türker; Ali Esquembre

• Model description
  • Role of trigeminal motor evoked potentials (R-MEPs) in evaluating SC
  • Role of trigeminal reflexes in evaluating FC
  • Integration of SC and FC in a single state variable
  • Emergent Behaviour encoded in the index $\mathrm{\Psi }$
• Quantum modelling of the Index $\mathrm{\Psi }$
  • Quantum Bayes Theorem (QBayes)
  • Interference term and differences from the classical approach
• Expectation value and mathematical formalism
  • Operator form of the diagnostic model
  • Cosine of $\psi$ as a measure of overlap between concomitant pathologies

Module 1 – Introduction to the New Paradigm
Authors: Gianni Frisardi (lead); Andrei Khrennikov; Kemal S. Türker; Ali Esquembre

• Why a paradigm shift in masticatory science
• From “occlusion only” to neuro–gnathological systems
• Normal Science – Crisis – Extraordinary Science in the masticatory field
• [Errore Traduzione]