Modifica di Occlusion and Posture (sezione)

====Bruxism and Posture====
Angle suggested a classification of occlusion and malocclusion based on the anteroposterior position of the first molar and the position of the canines.<ref>Bernabé E., Sheiham A., de Oliveira C.M. [https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/78/6/977/132195/Condition-Specific-Impacts-on-Quality-of-Life Condition-specific impacts on quality of life attributed to malocclusion by adolescents with normal occlusion and Class I, II and III malocclusion]. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:977–982. doi: 10.2319/091707-444.1</ref><ref name=":13">Okeson J.P.  Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion.Mosby; Maryland Heights, MO, USA: 2019.</ref>Malocclusion is often a congenital condition, resulting from hereditary or environmental factors. It is also caused by local factors, such as an abnormal pattern of breathing or postural defects, as well as oral parafunctions such as nail biting or teeth grinding (bruxism).<ref name=":13" />According to Lombardo's analyses, occlusal anomalies occur on average in 56% of the general population.<ref name=":14">Lombardo G., Vena F., Negr P., Pagano S., Barilotti C., Paglia L., Colombo S., Orso M., Cianetti S. [https://www.ejpd.eu/pdf/EJPD_2020_21_2_05.pdf Worldwide prevalence of malocclusion in the different stages of dentition: A systematic review and meta-analysis]. Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2020;21:115–122.</ref> Their prevalence increases with age. Given their increasing prevalence in later age groups and the consequences they entail, it is reasonable to expect a large number of adult patients who will require complex and expensive multidisciplinary treatment.<ref name=":14" /><ref>Kawala B., Szumielewicz M., Kozanecka A. Are orthodontists still needed? Epidemiology of malocclusion among polish children and teenagers in last 15 years. Dent. Med. Probl. 2009;46:273–278</ref>

<blockquote>[[File:Question 2.jpg|left|50x50px]]Regarding bruxism<ref name=":13" /> we certainly cannot speak of scientific certainties or take into consideration the incidence of bruxism in the population because, as described in the specific chapter concerning our patient '[[Encrypted code: Hyperexcitability of the trigeminal system|Bruxer]]', he had a perfect occlusion and neuromuscular responses apparently up to standard if it hadn't been for the study of the case and have highlighted a neuronal hyperexcitability with the test of the <sub>rc</sub>MIR masseter inhibitory recovery cycle (Figure 3).
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[[File:Recovery cycle.jpeg|500x500px|Figura 3: <sub>rc</sub>MIR in paziente bruxista|center]]'''Figura 3:''' <sub>rc</sub>MIR in brusiste patient

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Although the patient was in a state of neuronal hyperexcitability which affected the entire left leg with stiffness of the upper limbs, he never accused postural problems. With this we want to underline that although there are correlations between different cerebral association areas such as the vestibular, the trigeminal, the midbrain and so on, this does not give the clinician the right to base the diagnosis on these certainties. As, of course, we will repeat repeatedly throughout the 'Normal Science' section to justify the next section which will focus on the aspect of the anomalies and therefore the crisis of the paradigm.</blockquote>

Given the high proportion of patients with malocclusions <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> and the conflicting reports of these reports, <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> the need for further knowledge and analysis of individual malocclusions and associated musculoskeletal abnormalities under dynamic and static conditions is reasonable. There is still a lack of research on the effect of occlusion on postural stability and plantar pressure distribution during standing and walking in the same group of adults with Angle Class I, II, and III.