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===The Phases of Paradigm Change According to Thomas Kuhn===

In the last hundred years, technological and methodological innovations {{Tooltip|<sup>[2]</sup>|<ref>{{cita libro|autore=Heft MW|autore2=Fox CH|autore3=Duncan RP|titolo=Assessing the Translation of Research and Innovation into Dental Practice|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31590599|anno=2019|opera=JDR Clin Trans Res|DOI=10.1177/2380084419879391}}</ref>|<small>🧪 Cross-sectional study analyzing dental innovations over the past 30 years, identifying those that practicing dentists believe have most influenced patient care. 🧬 Thirty experts from the International Association for Dental Research selected the most relevant innovations, which were then surveyed among U.S. dentists who graduated before 1995 and were clinically active for over 50% of the time. 🧩 The most cited innovations were adhesive materials (74.5%), dental implants (71.9%), direct bonding (71.2%), magnifying lenses (54.7%), universal infection control precautions (48.6%), and digital imaging (46.0%), with differences between generalists and specialists: oral surgeons and periodontists (OMSPER) also favored CBCT (74%) and regenerative techniques (68%). The general consensus highlights the importance of implants, imaging, lenses, and universal precautions; generalists value adhesive materials and bonding, while specialists cite CBCT and tissue engineering. 📌 The study concludes that innovations with direct clinical impact are perceived as the most decisive, suggesting that future research should also consider cost-effectiveness and patient perception.</small>|}} have exponentially increased, even in dentistry. These developments have had a significant impact on clinical decision-making, schools of thought, and the fundamental principles of the discipline, with the explicit goal of improving quality of life. A notable example is the vision proposed in "Exposure Science in the 21st Century"{{Tooltip|<sup>[3]</sup>|<ref>{{cita libro
 | titolo = Exposure Science in the 21st Century. A Vision and a Strategy
 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK206806/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK206806.pdf
 | editore = National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies
 | anno = 2012
 | ISBN = 0-309-26468-5
}}</ref>|<small>The document Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy (2012) by the National Academy of Sciences proposes a renewed vision of exposure science, aiming to address emerging challenges for human and environmental health. 🧠 What is exposure science? Exposure science studies the contact between humans or other organisms and environmental agents (chemical, physical, or biological), analyzing the duration, intensity, and effects of such exposures. This discipline is crucial for understanding how environmental stressors affect health and for developing prevention and mitigation strategies. 🌐 The proposed vision: the “eco-exposome” The concept of “eco-exposome” extends exposure science from the point of contact between stressor and receptor within the organism to the surrounding environment, including the ecosphere. 🔬 '''Technological innovations and strategic collaborations''': The document highlights technological advancements, such as advanced environmental sensors, analytical methods, molecular technologies, and computational tools, which offer new opportunities to collect more accurate and comprehensive data on exposures. 🛠️ Implementing the vision: To realize this vision, it is necessary to: Develop standardized and non-targeted methods to collect information on exposures. 🎯 Long-term goals: The ultimate goal is to use exposure science to: Quickly assess and mitigate exposures to emerging threats. 📌 In summary, the document proposes a transformation of exposure science, moving from an approach focused on individual stressors to an integrated and holistic vision, to address the environmental and health challenges of the 21st century.</small>}}

However, this accelerated growth is not without conceptual side effects. Some of these effects may be ambiguous, if not outright contrary to apparent progress, generating clinical and scientific paradoxes.{{Tooltip|<sup>[4]</sup>|<ref>{{cita libro
 | autore = Liu L
 | autore2 = Li Y
 | titolo = The unexpected side effects and safety of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies
 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24524104
 | anno = 2014
 | opera = Drugs Today
 | città = Barcelona
 | DOI = 10.1358/dot.2014.50.1.2076506
}}</ref>|<small>Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have ushered in a new era of targeted therapies, particularly in the fields of immunotherapy and oncology. MAbs have evolved from murine antibodies to fully human antibodies, with significant improvements in immunogenicity and safety. However, the safety of these agents is of particular concern, with reports of side effects associated with their use. These side effects have shaken the confidence of many researchers in MAbs. 🧠 This review comprehensively summarizes the side effects of MAbs in clinical use, highlighting the prevention and management of adverse reactions. Although many MAbs are well tolerated, and new MAbs are continuously being developed, it is difficult to guarantee that every new formulation is completely safe. The clinical use of MAbs will face increasing challenges in the future. Physicians should be vigilant about potentially lethal side effects and treat them as soon as possible.</small>|}}

Such ambiguities, instead of weakening the entire epistemological structure, are a symptom of a mature system capable of recognizing its own limits and seeking a paradigm evolution, as described by Thomas Kuhn in his famous theory on the development of science.

====Kuhn's Phases in Dentistry====

Thomas Kuhn identifies five distinct phases in the evolution of a scientific paradigm. In Masticationpedia, we will focus on the three most relevant ones, which best fit the evolution of masticatory rehabilitation science.

{|
|-
| <blockquote>'''Phase 2 – Normal Science''':<br>
In this phase, researchers operate within an accepted paradigm, seeking to solve specific problems and refine the dominant model. However, the first "anomalies" emerge, phenomena that do not fully fit the current theory, generating an initial signal of instability.</blockquote>
|-
| <blockquote>'''Phase 4 – Paradigm Crisis''':<br>
The anomalies increase to the point of undermining confidence in the existing paradigm. It is a moment of crisis: the old theories no longer explain the new data. In this phase, Masticationpedia critically positions itself, proposing a revision of traditional occlusal models, paving the way for the next phase.</blockquote>
|-
| <blockquote>'''Phase 5 – Scientific Revolution''':<br>
The dominant paradigm is abandoned and a new one is adopted, not necessarily "truer," but better suited to explain emerging phenomena. In Masticationpedia, this translates into a new interpretation of masticatory function as a complex neurophysiological system and not just a biomechanical one.</blockquote>
|}