Modifica di System logic (sezione)

==Foreword==

Why did we come to the 'System Logic'? The steps are neither trivial, nor personal, and in order to perceive the added value of the 'System Logic' we cannot help but mention two essential reasons that have marked this path: that of ''dental clinical indices'' and of ''logic of medical language''. 

===Dental clinical indices===  

There are 'Indices' that can be considered elements of System Logic as objective data, such as the 'Henderson-Hasselbalch equation' (for blood pH analysis) and other 'Indices' developed in the medical field in disparate disciplines.<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Xiao W 
 | autore2 = Yang Y
 | autore3 = Shi J
 | autore4 = Xu J
 | autore5 = Zhu J
 | titolo = The diagnostic efficacy and predictive value of combined lipoprotein laboratory indexes for atherosclerosis
 | url = https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+diagnostic+efficacy+and+predictive+value+of+combined+lipoprotein...-a0653913341
 | volume = 
 | opera = J Pak Med Assoc
 | anno = 2020
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 | PMID = 33177739
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</ref><ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Ferraro D
 | autore2 = Bedin R
 | autore3 = Natali P
 | autore4 = Franciotta D
 | autore5 = Smolik K
 | autore6 = Santangelo M
 | autore7 = Immovilli P
 | autore8 = Camera V
 | autore9 = Vitetta F
 | autore10 = Gastaldi M
 | autore11 = Trenti T
 | autore12 = Meletti S
 | autore13 = Sola P
 | titolo =  Kappa Index versus CSF Oligoclonal Bands in Predicting Multiple Sclerosis and Infectious/Inflammatory CNS Disorders
 | url = https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/10/10/856/pdf?version=1603436673
 | volume = 
 | opera = Diagnostics (Basel)
 | anno = 2020
 | editore = MDPI
 | città = 
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 10.3390/diagnostics10100856
 | PMID = 33096861
 | PMCID = PMC7589948
 | oaf = yes<!-- qualsiasi valore -->
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 }}</ref><ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Kayadibi H
 | autore2 = Yilmaz B
 | autore3 = Ozgur Yeniova A
 | autore4 = Koseoglu H
 | autore5 = Simsek Z
 | titolo = Development and evaluation of a novel noninvasive index for predicting significant fibrosis, advanced fibrosis, and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection
 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33177385/
 | volume = 
 | opera = Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
 | anno = 2021
 | editore = 
 | città = 
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 10.1097/MEG.0000000000001973
 | PMID = 33177385
 | PMCID = 
 | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
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 }}</ref>  

A test, a normative reference datum or an 'Index' (as well as a 'Constant') are strategies related to mathematical-statistical models that generate data. These data are mandatory for the accuracy of the diagnosis, for the differential diagnosis as well as for the therapeutic guidelines. On these reference data, in the times of scientific dental history, implementations and modifications have been generated but also uncertainties and beliefs that in the form of axioms or schools of thought have set guidelines that are not always scientifically justifiable, and sometimes untrue.

=== In literature===
We can take into consideration the data reported in the literature regarding the 'Indices' studied on patients suffering from 'Temporomandibular Disorders'<ref>Results in [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov PubMed] for "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22temporomandibular+disorders+index%22&filter=datesearch.y_1 Temporomandibular disorders Index]"</ref> or enter more specifically about masticatory rehabilitations and verify the 'Clinical Indices' topic in orthodontic disciplines.<ref>Results in [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov PubMed] for "[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22orthodontics%20index%22&filter=simsearch2.ffrft&filter=datesearch.y_1 Orthodontics Indexes]"</ref> 

In a recent article by Andrea Scribante and collaborators,<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Sfondrini MF
 | autore2 = Zampetti P
 | autore3 = Luscher G
 | autore4 = Gandini P
 | autore5 = Gandía-Franco JL
 | autore6 = Scribante A
 | autore7 = 
 | titolo = Orthodontic Treatment and Healthcare Goals: Evaluation of Multibrackets Treatment Results Using PAR Index (Peer Assessment Rating)
 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7711869/pdf/healthcare-08-00473.pdf
 | volume = 
 | opera = Healthcare (Basel)
 | anno = 2020
 | editore = MDPI
 | città = 
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 10.3390/healthcare8040473.
 | PMID = 33182796
 | PMCID = PMC7711869
 | oaf = yes<!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
 | OCLC = 
 }}</ref> for example, the following paragraphs are deduced: 

#The introduction states that the evaluation of the outcomes of orthodontic treatment has traditionally been carried out using the experience and subjective opinions of clinicians.<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Dyken RA
 | autore2 = Sadowsky PL
 | autore3 = Hurst D
 | titolo = Orthodontic outcomes assessment using the peer assessment rating index
 | url = https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article/71/3/164/57522/Orthodontic-Outcomes-Assessment-Using-the-Peer
 | volume = 
 | opera = Angle Orthod
 | anno = 2001
 | editore = The EH Angle Education and Research Foundation, Inc.
 | città = 
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 10.1043/0003-3219(2001)071<0164:OOAUTP>2.0.CO;2
 | PMID = 11407767
 | PMCID = 
 | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
 | OCLC = 
 }}</ref> ''In this first paragraph the limit of the concept expressed is understood and that is a diagnostic test and / or therapeutic guideline should never be scientifically weighed using subjective parameters.''
#However, since the 1990s, specific indices have been developed to objectively evaluate health outcomes by analyzing the quality of treatment.<ref name=":0">{{cita libro 
 | autore = Richmond S
 | autore2 = Shaw WC
 | autore3 = O’Brien KD
 | autore4 = Buchanan IB
 | autore5 = Jones R
 | autore6 = Stephens CD
 | autore7 = Roberts CT
 | autore8 = Andrews M
 | titolo = The development of the PAR Index (Peer Assessment Rating): reliability and validity
 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1582457/
 | volume = 
 | opera = Eur J Orthod
 | anno = 1992
 | editore = Oxford University Press
 | città = Oxford UK
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 10.1093/ejo/14.2.125
 | PMID = 1582457
 | PMCID = 
 | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
 | OCLC = 
 }}</ref> These indices compare pre- and post-treatment data to determine the outcome of orthodontic therapy<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Onyeaso CO
 | autore2 = BeGole EA
 | titolo = Associations between pretreatment age and treatment time with orthodontic treatment outcome: A comparison by means of two orthodontic indices
 | url = https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/8/4/473/pdf?version=1605228677
 | volume = 
 | opera = Hell Orthod. Rev
 | anno = 2008
 | editore = MDPI
 | città = Basel, Switzerland
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 
 | PMID = 
 | PMCID = 
 | oaf = yes<!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
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 }} - ''[https://grortho.gr/associations-between-pretreatment-age-and-treatment-time-with-orthodontic-treatment-outcome-a-comparison-by-means-of-two-orthodontic-indices/?lang=en see also]''</ref> and to improve the quality of future treatments.<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Hickman JH
 | titolo = Directional edgewise orthodontic approach. 5
 | url = 
 | volume = 
 | opera = J Clin Orthod
 | anno = 1975
 | editore = 
 | città = 
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 
 | PMID = 1054697
 | PMCID = 
 | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
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 }}</ref> ''This second scientifically acceptable paragraph highlights the purpose of the 'Indices' and that is the pre- and post-comparison - but who says that the post is in a state of 'normocclusion' and the pre in 'malocclusion', the dental alignment?''
#The most commonly used index for evaluating orthodontic success is the Peer Assessment Rating Index (PAR), which was developed to measure how far a patient deviates from normal occlusion and alignment.<ref name=":0" /> This index was used to evaluate the effects of therapy in different circumstances: the use of fixed and mobile devices,<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Firestone AR
 | autore2 = Häsler RU
 | autore3 = Ingervall B
 | titolo = Treatment results in dental school orthodontic patients in 1983 and 1993
 | url = https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article-pdf/69/1/19/1374417/0003-3219(1999)069_0019_tridso_2_3_co_2.pdf
 | volume = 
 | opera = Angle Orthod
 | anno = 1997
 | editore = The Edward H. Angle Society of Orthodontists, Inc.
 | città = Bern, Switzerland
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 10.1043/0003-3219(1999)069<0019:TRIDSO>2.3.CO;2
 | PMID = 10022180
 | PMCID = 
 | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
 | OCLC = 
 }}</ref> the comparison of orthodontic treatment between private practices and orthodontic schools,<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Cook DR
 | autore2 = Harris EF
 | autore3 = Vaden JL
 | titolo = Comparison of university and private-practice orthodontic treatment outcomes with the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system
 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15953896/
 | volume = 
 | opera = Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
 | anno = 
 | editore = 
 | città = 
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.12.014
 | PMID = 15953896
 | PMCID = 
 | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
 | OCLC = 
 }}</ref> the evaluation of occlusal stability after orthodontic treatment,<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Ramanathan C
 | titolo = PAR index in the evaluation of the stability of the orthodontic treatment results. A review
 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6389456_PAR_Index_in_the_Evaluation_of_the_Stability_of_the_Orthodontic_Treatment_Results_A_Review/fulltext/5adbdc64a6fdcc29358a3491/PAR-Index-in-the-Evaluation-of-the-Stability-of-the-Orthodontic-Treatment-Results-A-Review.pdf?origin=publication_detail
 | volume = 
 | opera = Acta Medica (Hradec Králové)
 | anno = 2006
 | editore = 
 | città = Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 10.14712/18059694.2017.133
 | PMID = 17438831
 | PMCID = 
 | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
 | OCLC = 
 }}</ref> early treatments<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Pangrazio-Kulbersh V
 | autore2 = Kaczynski R
 | autore3 = Shunock M 
 | titolo = Early treatment outcome assessed by the Peer Assessment Rating index
 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10229887/
 | volume = 
 | opera = Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
 | anno = 1999
 | editore = 
 | città = 
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 10.1016/s0889-5406(99)70277-5
 | PMID = 10229887
 | PMCID = 
 | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
 | OCLC = 
 }}</ref> and results of orthognathic surgery.<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Templeton KM
 | autore2 = Powell R
 | autore3 = Moore MB
 | autore4 = Williams AC
 | autore5 = Sandy R
 | titolo = Are the Peer Assessment Rating Index and the Index of Treatment Complexity, Outcome, and Need suitable measures for orthognathic outcomes?
 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ann-Williams-4/publication/7133544_Are_the_Peer_Assessment_Rating_Index_and_the_Index_of_Treatment_Complexity_Outcome_and_Need_suitable_measures_for_orthognathic_outcomes/links/0046352fc8ff942845000000/Are-the-Peer-Assessment-Rating-Index-and-the-Index-of-Treatment-Complexity-Outcome-and-Need-suitable-measures-for-orthognathic-outcomes.pdf?origin=publication_detail
 | volume = 
 | opera = Eur J Orthod
 | anno = 2006
 | editore = Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontics Society
 | città = Oxford UK
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 10.1093/ejo/cji120
 | PMID = 16648208
 | PMCID = 
 | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
 | OCLC = 
 }}</ref> ''We have to consider that PAR would not indicate the healthy or the sick, normocclusion or malocclusion depending on whether it moves away from the cutoff but in the face of a series of incoming characteristics it would return a broad spectrum response (Index), valid for orthodontic treatments and orthognathic.'' ''This state of mind is legitimate but the clinicians have to be careful because the input variables (the 'Constructors') of the model or input, may not be related to the reference context or there may be other hidden variables that would invalidate the result itself. We will appreciate these assertions more strongly in the exposition of the chapters of Masticationpedia.''

The fact is that the primum movens of the studio of Andrea Scribante and collaborators is concentrated in the following point:

{{q2|The most commonly used index to assess orthodontic success is Peer Assessment Rating Index (PAR), which was developed to measure how much a patient deviates from normal occlusion and alignment|Limitative .... the index can have an accuracy and truthfulness in dental alignment but not to validate a normocclusion, this latter assertion is much more complex to formulate and certainly cannot be reduced exclusively to an 'Occlusal observable'. }}  

Spyridon N. Papageorgiou<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Angst C
 | autore2 = Eliades T
 | autore3 = Papageorgiou SN
 | titolo = Stability of occlusal outcome during long-term retention: the time-dependent variation of the American Board of Orthodontics index
 | url = https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/194364/1/p01_ok.pdf
 | volume = 
 | opera = Eur J Orthod
 | anno = 2021
 | editore = Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich
 | città = Zurich, Switzerland
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 10.1093/ejo/cjaa004
 | PMID = 32144422
 | PMCID = 
 | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
 | OCLC = 
 }}</ref> in a very interesting study exposes a corageous statement that confirms what has just been exposed:
:Noticeable long-term occlusal changes are observed in the post-debond, which mostly favor better settlement. The higher quality finish at the debond significantly influenced the possibilities for improvement. However, setting a cutoff score to denote treatment excellence has shown considerable instability over time.

Other authors state that relapse after orthodontic treatment can also occur in cases with good functional occlusion.<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Lyotard N
 | autore2 = Hans M
 | autore3 = Nelson S
 | autore4 = Valiathan M
 | titolo = Short-term postorthodontic changes in the absence of retention
 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8929484/pdf/i0003-3219-80-6-1045.pdf
 | volume = 
 | opera = Angle Orthod
 | anno = 2010
 | editore = The EH Angle Education and Research Foundation, Inc.
 | città = 
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 10.2319/010210-7.1
 | PMID = 20677953
 | PMCID = PMC8929484
 | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
 | OCLC = 
 }}</ref>

===Further considerations===
The etiology of recurrence is neither fully understood nor can it be fully predicted from a single factor,<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Little RM
 | autore2 = 
 | titolo = Stability and relapse of dental arch alignment
 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2207055/
 | volume = 
 | opera = Br J Orthod.
 | anno = 1990
 | editore = University of Washington, Seattle
 | città = Washington, USA
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 10.1179/bjo.17.3.235
 | PMID = 2207055
 | PMCID = 
 | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
 | OCLC = 
 }}</ref> but includes factors such as the response of the traction and deconstructed periodontal fibers,<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Reitan K
 | autore2 = Kvam E
 | titolo = Comparative behavior of human and animal tissue during experimental tooth movement
 | url = https://meridian.allenpress.com/angle-orthodontist/article-pdf/41/1/1/1368969/0003-3219(1971)041_0001_cbohaa_2_0_co_2.pdf
 | volume = 
 | opera = Angle Orthod
 | anno = 1971
 | editore = 
 | città = 
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 10.1043/0003-3219(1971)041<0001:CBOHAA>2.0.CO;2
 | PMID = 4992550
 | PMCID = 
 | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
 | OCLC = 
 }}</ref> physiological maturation of the human dentition which affects its width, length or perimeter<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Thilander B
 | titolo = Dentoalveolar development in subjects with normal occlusion. A longitudinal study between the ages of 5 and 31 years
 | url = https://academic.oup.com/ejo/article-pdf/31/2/109/1273020/cjn124.pdf
 | volume = 
 | opera = Eur J Orthod
 | anno = 2009
 | editore = Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontic Society
 | città = Göteborg, Sweden
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 10.1093/ejo/cjn124
 | PMID = 19304760
 | PMCID = 
 | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
 | OCLC = 
 }}</ref>, alterations of the craniofacial complex<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Behrents RG
 | autore2 = Harris EF
 | autore3 = Vaden JL
 | autore4 = Williams RA
 | autore5 = Kemp DH
 | autore6 = 
 | autore7 = 
 | titolo = Relapse of orthodontic treatment results: growth as an etiologic factor
 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2634695/
 | volume = 
 | opera = J Charles H. Tweed Int Found
 | anno = 1989
 | editore = 
 | città = 
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 
 | PMID = 2634695
 | PMCID = 
 | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
 | OCLC = 
 }}</ref> and parafunctions.<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Lang G
 | autore2 = Alfter G
 | autore3 = Göz G
 | autore4 = Lang GH
 | titolo = Retention and stability--taking various treatment parameters into account
 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11974450/
 | volume = 
 | opera = J Orofac Orthop
 | anno = 2002
 | editore = 
 | città = 
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 10.1007/s00056-002-0036-2
 | PMID = 11974450
 | PMCID = 
 | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
 | OCLC = 
 }}</ref>  

Retention of treatment results is therefore considered to be one of the most difficult problems in orthodontics, and relapses, especially of the mandibular incisors, could also be observed with the use of retention devices after debonding.<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Steinnes J  
 | autore2 = Johnsen G
 | autore3 = Kerosuo H
 | titolo = Stability of orthodontic treatment outcome in relation to retention status: An 8-year follow-up
 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28554448/
 | volume = 
 | opera = Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
 | anno = 2017
 | editore = 
 | città = 
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.10.032
 | PMID = 28554448
 | PMCID = 
 | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
 | OCLC = 
 }}</ref> Most of the existing post-treatment stability studies evaluate short-term relapses of the anterior region by primarily measuring the irregularity of the incisors after extractive or non-extractive treatment and compare different retention patterns. These studies largely use the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = de Freitas KM  
 | autore2 = Janson G
 | autore3 = de Freitas MR
 | autore4 = Pinzan A
 | autore5 = Henriques JF
 | autore6 = Pinzan-Vercelino CR
 | autore7 = 
 | titolo = Influence of the quality of the finished occlusion on postretention occlusal relapse
 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17920494/
 | volume = 
 | opera = Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
 | anno = 2007
 | editore = 
 | città = 
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.02.051
 | PMID = 17920494
 | PMCID = 
 | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
 | OCLC = 
 }}</ref> which is not a trigeminal electrophysiological analysis approach in considering 'Normocclusion' much less the details of a well balanced occlusion (such as contacts, inclinations and alignment of each tooth) or changes in retention only in the short term.<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Hoybjerg AJ 
 | autore2 = Currier GF
 | autore3 = Kadioglu O
 | titolo = Evaluation of 3 retention protocols using the American Board of Orthodontics cast and radiograph evaluation
 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23810041/
 | volume = 
 | opera = Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
 | anno = 2013
 | editore = 
 | città = 
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.02.022
 | PMID = 23810041
 | PMCID = 
 | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
 | OCLC = 
 }}</ref>  

To the authors' knowledge at the time of publication of their study, only one study<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Nett BC
 | autore2 = Huang GJ
 | titolo = Long-term posttreatment changes measured by the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system
 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15821689
 | volume = 
 | opera = Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
 | anno = 2005
 | editore = Elsevier Inc
 | città = 
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.03.029
 | PMID = 15821689
 | PMCID = 
 | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
 | OCLC = 
 }}</ref> used the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO)<ref>{{cita libro 
 | autore = Casko JS
 | autore2 = Vaden JL
 | autore3 = Kokich VG
 | autore4 = Damone J
 | autore5 = James RD
 | autore6 = Cangialosi TJ
 | autore7 = Riolo ML
 | author8 = Owens SE Jr
 | author9 = Bills ED
 | titolo = Objective grading system for dental casts and panoramic radiographs
 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9810056
 | volume = 
 | opera = Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
 | anno = 1998
 | editore = 
 | città = 
 | ISBN = 
 | DOI = 10.1016/s0889-5406(98)70179-9
 | PMID = 9810056
 | PMCID = 
 | oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
 | LCCN = 
 | OCLC = 
 }}</ref> detailed objective classification system for models and radiographs which measures the details of a well-finished and well-balanced occlusion.       

{{q2|The aforementioned study is not only interesting but also stimulating, from a scientific point of view, as it states that relapses could occur even in the presence of adequate functional occlusion. |Constructive criticism, however, is inherent in the statement itself: how is an efficient masticatory function and, therefore, a 'Normocclusion' defined? }}

In Masticationpedia, we would like to launch interesting and constructive provocations to answer the question we just set out: 'How is an efficient chewing function and therefore a Normocclusion defined?' 

Let's look at the two cases below, in figure 1 and in figure 2: which of the two clinical cases do you think is affected by malocclusion?

<center>
<gallery mode="slideshow" widths="250" heights="182" perrow="3">
File:Occlusal Centric view in open and cross bite patient.jpg|'''Figure 1:''' Patient with open bite and right posterior crossbite who according to classical orthodontic indices can only be considered in a state of 'Malocclusion'
File:Occlusion in young lady, needing attention.jpg|'''Figure 2:''' Daughter of the patient in figure 1 who exhibits similar anatomical features such as the right posterior crossbite. There is no openbite in this case.
</gallery>
</center>

It seems irreverent for the canons of orthodox orthodoxy not to share the diagnosis of 'malocclusion', but we leave the reader in a little suspense. We intend to resume extensively in a few chapters, after deepening the topic of 'System Logic' and  'Systems Theory'. We only anticipate that the patient in figure 1 has already been proposed in the chapter 'Introduction', so we already know our clinical scientific opinion but if he gives us so much, also..... 

{{q2|the daughter should also respond in the same way.|... be patient and you will see }}

===Medical language logic===
[[File:Universe (classical and fuzzy logic).jpg|thumb|400px|alt=The universe of classical and fuzzy logic|'''Figura 3:''' The universe of classical and fuzzy logic.]]
In the previous chapters we highlighted the extreme difficulties we met in defining an exact, detailed and timely diagnosis in the right time; and this is not only due to the 'Complexity' of the living system, but also to a questionable and vague logic of medical language. If [[classical logic]] is too selective (<code>true</code> or <code>false</code>, and therefore 'there is no third answer' - principle of the excluded third), it is also true that [[probabilistic logic language]], which trivially indicates the presence of a specific disease, breaks down in the 'significativity' parameter that acquires a certain value only in a 'specialist context'.

We perceived the need for a more elastic model called "fuzzy logic" that could translate the uncertainty inherent in some human language data into mathematical formalism, codifying the "elastic" concepts (such as almost high, fairly good, etc), in order to make them understandable and manageable by computers. 

We have therefore frozen a much debated and approached concept in the chapter '[[Introduction]]': not determining a clear separation between specialist know-how, but superimposing interdisciplinary knowledge, instead, through a 'Fuzzy' approach (see [[fuzzy logic language]]).  

{{q2|But it is not so obvious to arrive at a more formal language in the medical field where events are complex and dynamic and, as we will see, they are not trivially deterministic. In order to better understand the 'System Logic', and at the same time introduce the concept of clinical 'Indices', it is necessary to start with the description of the 'Systems Theory' |}}